Its the Time Of Comparision : INDIA vs CHINA

INDIA vs CHINA:

THE COMPARISION

Hello everyone after a very long time... I am back with a new type of post… that is the comparison… this series might be helpful to each and every age of people at least helping them to know about the different countries of the world…In this part of the series we are going to compare the two powerful countries together.. These are INDIA AND CHINA… the up and downs in the relationship between the two governments are going on for years.

The Chinese form of government is basically communalism type..but The Communists believe they are democratic, believing that "Democratic government is the Chinese Communist Party governing on behalf of the people. Picking up a dictionary, you’re likely to find democracy loosely defined as a system of government by all members of a state. A country governed under such a system is said to be a democracy. the rulers of china believe that people should be ruled in a communist form of government but in a democratic dictatorship style… now you may be thinking that what is Democratic dictatorship????? Yes, I have an easy answer for you… see dictatorship means a single person or party has absolute power. This means that the ruler or party has complete control and the rights of the people are suppressed. ... In order for a dictatorship to form, all opponents of the dictator will need to be removed. The dictatorship can be of two types. One is for the people and another is against the people.now in china there is the same condition as in dictatorship but all is for the betterment of the citizens of the country. The government has assured that none of the citizens would be suppressed or hurt…all the rights would be given. But the ruler and the ruling party will be the same..so this type of dictatorship also contains some part of democracy. They describe it as a system in which power is centralized in one authority – the Chinese Communist Party – which in turn acts in the interest of the people. To join the China Democracy Party, applicants must swear an oath to pledge their loyalty to the party and declare their will to build a constitutional and democratic China. That is, you email the text of the oath to the party’s chairman, Xie Wanjun, at his Hotmail address. When a politician wants to smear an opponent, they will write a crime novel that implicitly fingers their rival of wrong-doing

In context to the Indian form of government we will find that we have a democratic form of government. This means that the executive branch of government is held accountable to the legislative branch. Under this system of government, India has both a President, who is the Head of State and a Prime Minister, who is the Chief Executive of the executive branch. Its government is divided into 3 branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. This same model is used at a state level as well. The president of India, who is head of state, is elected for a five-year term by the elected members of the federal and state parliaments; there are no term limits. Theoretically, the president possesses full executive power, but that power actually is exercised by the prime minister (head of the majority party in the federal parliament) and council of ministers (which includes the cabinet), who are appointed by the president. The ministers are responsible to the lower house of Parliament and must be members of Parliament. India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic. Similarly, in states there is a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister as its head, who advises the Governor. Article 74(1) of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as its head to aid and advise the President, who shall exercise his/her functions in accordance with the advice. The real executive power is thus vested in the Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as its head. In both the center and the state, we have legislative assemblies, in the center, it's the Lok Sabha and the Rajya sabha and in the state, it's the Vidhan sabha and only some states have an upper house, Vidhan Parishad. All the members of the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha are elected directly by the people. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the state legislative assemblies, the Vidhan sabha by a system of proportional representation by a single transferable vote.

The party that holds a majority in the Lok sabha elects the head of the party as the prime minister.

Infrastructure development remains a top priority for China’s government, which has long recognized that a modern economy runs on reliable roads and rails, electricity, and telecommunications. From the late, The 1990s to 2005, 100 million Chinese benefited from power and telecommunications upgrades. Between 2001 and 2004, investment in rural roads grew by a massive 51 percent annually. And in recent years, the government has used substantial infrastructure spending to hedge against flagging economic growth.

China’s leadership has charted equally ambitious plans for the future. Its goal is to bring the entire nation’s urban infrastructure up to the level of infrastructure in a middle-income country while using increasingly efficient transport logistics to tie the country together. What follows is a by-the-numbers portrait of this dynamic sector.

· The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has approved 27 infrastructure projects since the start of 2018, totaling US$219.43 billion
· Projects in Shanghai, Jiangsu province, Wuhan, Guangdong province, Suzhou, Changchun, Shaanxi province, Hangzhou, Chongqing, and Guangxi province.
The current level of expressways in China (41,000 km) is planned to increase to 65,000 km by 2020 and to 175,000 km by 2050 (JLL, 2007a). As well as tollways between the major cities in China, this infrastructure development will see $1.4 billion allocated to rural road construction over 2006‐2010 (RREEF, 2006c).

Infrastructure sector is a key driver for the Indian economy. The sector is highly responsible for propelling India’s overall development and enjoys intense focus from Government for initiating policies that would ensure the time-bound creation of a world-class infrastructure in the country. The infrastructure sector includes power, bridges, dams, roads and urban infrastructure development. In 2018, India ranked 44th out of 167 countries in the World Bank's Logistics Performance Index (LPI) 2018. The government plans to spend 5.97 trillion rupees ($89.7 billion) on infrastructure in the 2018-19 fiscal year, more than three times what was allocated in 2014-15. India's economy is expected to grow over 7 percent in the current fiscal year beginning in April, up from an estimated 6.6 percent in the previous year.

India has a requirement of investment worth Rs 50 trillion (US$ 777.73 billion) in infrastructure by 2022 to have sustainable development in the country. India is witnessing significant interest from international investors in the infrastructure space. Some key investments in the sector are listed below.

In 2018, the infrastructure sector in India witnessed private equity and venture capital investments worth US$ 1.97 billion.
In June 2018, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has announced US$ 200 million investment into the National Investment & Infrastructure Fund (NIIF).
Indian infrastructure sector witnessed 91 M&A deals worth US$ 5.4 billion in 2017

The environment of China comprises diverse biotas, climates, and geologies. Rapid industrialization, population growth, and lax environmental oversight have caused many environmental issues and large-scale pollution. Rapid industrialization, population growth, and lax environmental oversight have caused many environmental issues, such as large-scale pollution in China. As of 2013, Beijing, which lies in a topographic bowl, has significant industry, and heats with coal, is subject to air inversions resulting in extremely high levels of pollution in winter months. China's lung cancer rate is 32% of the entire world's lung cancer patients. Meanwhile, lung cancer increases, gastric, esophageal, and cervical cancer have all decreased in China. The environment of India comprises some of the world's most biodiverse ecozones. The Deccan Traps, Gangetic Plains and the Himalayas are the major geographical features. The country faces different forms of pollution as its major environmental issue and is more vulnerable to the effects of climate change being a developing nation. India has laws protecting the environment and is one of the countries that signed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) treaty. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and each particular state forest departments plan and implement environmental policies throughout the country. The largest source of water pollution in India is untreated sewage. Other sources of pollution include agricultural runoff and unregulated small scale industry. Most rivers, lakes and surface water are polluted. Air pollution in the country is another concern. The main causes of soil (or land) pollution is soil erosion, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, accumulation of solid and liquid waste, forest fires, and water-logging. It can be reduced by the judicious use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and the treatment of effluents before being used for irrigation. Due to the increasing population and enhanced food grains consumption, more and more rain-fed croplands are brought under intensive cultivation by ground and surface water irrigation. The irrigated land is losing gradually its fertility by converting into saline-alkali soil.

China maintained stable employment last year, with the number of newly created jobs in urban areas reaching 123.7 percent high as the annual target, amid a moderate economic growth and external uncertainties.

Data from National Bureau of Statistics showed 13.61 million new positions were added to the job market of urban areas in 2018, 100,000 more than the previous year. And the figure stayed above 13 million for the sixth consecutive year.

China has a comprehensive legal framework that defines the rights and obligations of employers and employees, primarily the 1995 Labour Law and the 2008 Labour Contract Law (amended 2013), which contain clear provisions on employment contracts, working hours and payment of wages, benefits and the termination of employment, specifically:

· Employers are required to conclude a written employment contract with employees (Labour Contract Law Article 10).

· The employment contract shall specify the term of the contract, the job description and place of work, working hours, rest and leave, labor remuneration, work safety protection, etc. (Labour Contract Law Article 17).

· The standard workweek in China is 40 hours (eight hours per day, five days per week) although flexible working hours are allowed under certain conditions (State Council 1995 Provisions on Working Hours of Staff and Workers).

· Overtime shall be paid for any work exceeding standard working hours and overtime shall not exceed three hours a day or 36 hours per month (Labour Law Article 41).

· Overtime pay should not be less than 150 percent of an employee’s wages during normal workdays; 200 percent on rest days, and 300 percent on national holidays, such as the Lunar New Year (Labour Law Article 44).

· Wages shall be paid in legal tender to the workers in person on a monthly basis. No deduction of wages for personal gain may be made from wages due to workers. The payment of wages may not be delayed without reason (Labour Law Article 50).

· An employer shall pay wages to workers during their statutory holidays, marriage or funeral leave (Labour Law Article 51).

· If their contract is terminated, employees are entitled to severance pay based on the number of years employed at a rate of one month’s wage for each full year worked (Labour Contract Law Article 47).

Noticeably, central and western regions absorbed 120.44 million migrant workers in 2018, a 3.78 million addition from a year earlier, while the eastern part saw a decline of 1.85 million to 158.08 million.

The unemployment rate in India stood at 6 percent in 2017-18 fiscal year, the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), showed. Unemployment Rate in India averaged 4.32 percent from 1983 until 2018, reaching an all-time high of 8.30 percent in 1983 and a record low of 3.53 percent in 2011.

India’s unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in FY18, official data showed, highlighting the challenge that confronts the Narendra Modi-led government. The data isn’t comparable with that of past years, the government contended, in effect seeking to refute previously leaked reports that said they showed the unemployment rate was at a 45-year high.
The highest unemployment rate was witnessed among urban females at 10.8% followed by males in urban India at 7.1%, rural males at 5.8% and 3.8% in rural females.
The Indian economy is showing signs of a growth turnaround. India continues to lead the pack for Asia in salary increases.

The minimum wage currently varies from Rs.4,500 to Rs.9,500 a month for unskilled workers in various states. The national minimum wage will be fixed for unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled employees. India’s labor market has more than 470 million workers and around 12 million are entering the labor force every year.

“National labor unions have been demanding a national minimum wage of Rs.15,000 per month for the past three to four years. And now the Seventh Pay Commission has suggested Rs.18,000 per month minimum wage for government employees.